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Morphological evaluation of MRC-5 fibroblasts after stimulation with static magnetic field and pulsating electromagnetic field.
Pate K, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M, Puckett A, Cason Z.
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
The quality of tissue repair and the speed with which that repair can be accomplished are the two major variables in the healing of any injury. Today, magnetic field exposure to traumatized areas has shown to be a promising tool in the healing process. The exact mode of action by which radiating and unchanging magnetic fields still has to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology of MRC-5 fibro-blasts after stimulation with static and pulsating magnetic fields. Under sterile environment, a total of 24 wells were loaded with 50,000 MRC-5 cells each and further divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were exposed to magnetic fields, static and pulsating respectively. Group 3 wells were unexposed and served as the control group. The cells were monitored at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours and representative views were captured using digital analysis techniques. The live cells were screened for cellular mobility, cell distribution, and cellular morphology (size, shape, lysis, and background). After 72 hours, the supernatants and cells of all three groups were collected and MDA analysis was performed to determine possible cellular damage. Group 1 cells continued to grow at a reasonable rate, but there was substantial cell membrane damage (high MDA levels, p < 0.05). Group 2 cells appeared to be very stressed under these conditions especially at the initial phase (24 hours). In conclusion, the use of pulsating magnetic stimulation can be beneficial in the healing process of soft tissues.
Biomed Sci Instrum. 2003;39:460-5.
Effect of static magnetic field on some enzymes activities in rats.
Gorczynska E, Wegrzynowicz R.
Department of Biochemistry, Agriculture Academy, Szczecin, Poland.
The magnetic field of 0.008 T and 0.15 T inductions influence lasting 7 weeks (7 days a week), 1 h daily determines the increase of the activity of cytoplasmatic enzymes (glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase), the decrease of cholinesterase activity and the growth of alkaline phosphatase activity in the plasma of the examined animals. The observed changes were reversible. 2 months after the exposure had been stopped, the tested parameters were back to normal.
J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1989;33(2):149-55.
Effect of static magnetic field on growth of Escherichia coli and relative response model of series piezoelectric
quartz crystal.
Zhang S, Wei W, Zhang J, Mao Y, Liu S.
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
The effect of magnetic field on the growth of bacteria was studied with the series piezoelectric quartz crystal (SPQC) sensing technique. The growth situations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the absence and presence of different intensities of static magnetic fields were examined and analyzed. The results showed that the growth of E. coli was inhibited due to the presence of magnetic fields. By fitting frequency shift (deltaD) versus time curves according to the frequency shift response equation of SPQC, the relationships between three kinetic growth parameters, i.e., the asymptote A, the maximum specific growth rate mu(m) and lag time lambda, and magnetic field intensity were established. Based on these results, a new response model containing the magnetic field intensity was derived as: delta(f) = 167.7 (7.25 - 7.11B)/[1 + exp[4 x 2.46e(-3.97B)/(7.25 -7.1 IB)] x (4.42 + 16.46B - t) + 2]] The kinetic parameters of bacterial growth obtained from this model are close to those obtained from the logistics popular growth model, in which the concentration of the bacteria was determined by the traditional pour plate count method.
Analyst. 2002 Mar;127(3):373-7.
Control of orientation of rat Schwann cells using an 8-T static magnetic field.
Eguchi Y, Ogiue-Ikeda M, Ueno S.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Schwann cells aid in neuronal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system via guiding the regrowth of axons. In this study, we investigated the magnetic orientation of Schwann cells, and of a mixture of Schwann cells and collagen, after an 8-tesla magnetic field exposure. We obtained cultured Schwann cells from dissected sciatic nerves of neonatal rats. After 60 h of magnetic field exposure, Schwann cells oriented parallel to the magnetic fields. In contrast, the mixture of Schwann cells and collagen, Schwann cells oriented in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field after 2 h of magnetic field exposure. In this case, Schwann cells aligned along the collagen fiber oriented by magnetic fields. The magnetic control of Schwann cell alignment is useful in medical engineering applications such as nerve regeneration.
Neurosci Lett. 2003 Nov 13;351(2):130-2.
Effects of static magnetic fields on plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone associated with arterial blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats.
Okano H, Ohkubo C.
Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan. okano@niph.go.jp
Effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on development of hypertension were investigated using young male, stroke resistant, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) beginning at 7 weeks of age. SHRs were randomly assigned to two different exposure groups or an unexposed group. The SHRs in the exposure groups were constantly exposed to two different types of external SMFs of 3.0-10.0 mT or 8.0-25.0 mT for 12 weeks. The SMFs were generated from permanent magnetic plates attached to the rat cage. The blood pressure (BP) of each rat was determined at weekly intervals using indirect tail-cuff method. The SMFs suppressed and retarded the development of hypertension in both exposed groups to a statistically significant extent for several weeks, as compared with an unexposed group. The antipressor effects were related to the extent of reduction in plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the SHRs. These results suggest that the SMFs of mT intensities with spatial gradients could be attributable to suppression of early BP elevation via hormonal regulatory system. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2003 Sep;24(6):403-12.
Artificial static and geomagnetic field interrelated impact on cardiovascular regulation.
Gmitrov J, Ohkubo C.
Department of Physiological Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan. gmitrovj@yahoo.com
Spreading evidence suggests that environmental and artificial magnetic fields have a significant impact on cardiovascular system. The modulation of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms may play a key role in observed effects. The objective was to study interrelated impacts of artificial static magnetic field (SMF) and natural geomagnetic field (GMF) on arterial baroreceptors. We studied baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in conscious rabbits before and after 40 min of sham (n = 20) or application of Nd2-Fe14-B alloy magnets (n = 26) to the sinocarotid baroreceptor region in conjunction with GMF disturbance during the actual experiment, determined by K- and A(k)-indexes from a local geomagnetic observatory. SMF at the position of baroreceptors was 0.35 T. BRS was estimated from peak responses of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate expressed as percentages of the resting values preceding each pair of pressure (phenylephrine) and depressor drug (nitroprusside) injections. We observed a significant increase in BRS for the nitroprusside depressor test (0.78 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.14 bpm/mmHg%, initial value vs. SMF exposure, P <.0002) and a tendency for phenylephrine pressor test to increase in BRS. Prior to SMF exposure, a significant positive correlation was found between actual K index values and MAP (t = 2.33, P =.025, n = 46) and a negative correlation of the K index with BRS (t = -3.6, P =.001, n = 46). After SMF exposure we observed attenuation of the geomagnetic disturbance induced a decrease in BRS. Clinical trials should be performed to support these results, but there is a strong expectation that 0.35 T SMF local exposure to sinocarotid baroreceptors will be effective in cardiovascular conditions with arterial hypertension and decreased BRS, due to a favorable SMF effect on the arterial baroreflex. Magnets to the sinocarotid triangle along with modification of the pharmacotherapy for hypertension should be especially effective on days with intense geomagnetic disturbance, in moderating sympathetic activation and baroreceptor dysfunction. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Jul;23(5):329-38.
Acute effects of static magnetic fields on cutaneous microcirculation in rabbits.
Ohkubo C, Xu S.
Department of Physiol, Hygiene, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
The acute microcirculatory effects of locally applied of static magnetic (SMF) to the cutaneous tissue within a rabbit ear chamber (REC) were evaluated during consciousness. Rabbits with REC were subjected to microphotoelectric plethysmography. Power levels of SMF upon the REC were controlled at 1, 5, 10 mT(milli Tesla), respectively. The duration of exposure was 10 minutes. The exposure of SMF induced variation of vasomotion with a latency of about 10 seconds in a non-dose dependent manner. SMF had a biphasic effect upon the microcirculatory system; when the vascular tone was low, the SMF enhanced vasomotion, and when it was high, the SMF suppressed vasomotion. The results suggest that the SMF can modulate vascular tone due to vasomotion which may involve in clinical efficacy for refraining from neck and shoulder stiffness.
In Vivo. 1997 May-Jun;11(3):221-5.
Efficacy of static magnetic field therapy in chronic pelvic pain: a double-blind pilot study.
Brown CS, Ling FW, Wan JY, Pilla AA.
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacoeconomics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, USA. csbrown@utmem.edu
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of static magnetic field therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) by measuring changes in pain relief and disability.
STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-two patients with CPP completed 2 weeks and 19 patients completed 4 weeks of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled treatment at a gynecology clinic. Active (500 G) or placebo magnets were applied to abdominal trigger points for 24 hour per day. The McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Disability Index, and Clinical Global Impressions Scale were outcome measures.
RESULTS: Patients receiving active magnets who completed 4 weeks of double-blind treatment had significantly lower Pain Disability Index (P <.05), Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (P <.05), and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (P <.01) scores than those receiving placebo magnets, but were more likely to correctly identify their treatment (P <.05).
CONCLUSION: SMF therapy significantly improves disability and may reduce pain when active magnets are worn continuously for 4 weeks in patients with CPP, but blinding efficacy is compromised.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002 Dec;187(6):1581-7
Effects of static magnets on chronic knee pain and physical function: a double-blind study.
Hinman MR, Ford J, Heyl H.
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
CONTEXT: Static magnets have become an increasingly popular alternative therapy for individuals with musculoskeletal pain despite limited scientific evidence to support their efficacy or safety.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of static magnets on the pain and functional limitations associated with chronic knee pain due to degenerative joint disease.
DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
SETTING: Pretests and posttests were conducted in an academic health science center.
PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three ambulatory subjects with chronic pain in 1 or both knee joints who were recruited from outpatient clinics or who volunteered to participate.
INTERVENTION: Subjects wore pads containing magnets or placebos over their painful knee joints for 2 weeks.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-administered ratings of pain and physical function using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and a timed 15-m (50-ft) walk.
RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed significantly greater improvements in the group wearing magnets (P=.002). Univariate analyses indicated that comparative changes in self-rated pain and physical function (P=.002 and .001, respectively) were greater than changes in gait speed (P=.042).
CONCLUSIONS: The application of static magnets over painful knee joints appears to reduce pain and enhance functional movement. However, further study is needed to determine the physiological mechanisms responsible for this analgesic effect.
Altern Ther Health Med. 2002 Jul-Aug;8(4):50-5.
Static magnetic field therapy for symptomatic diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial.
Weintraub MI, Wolfe GI, Barohn RA, Cole SP, Parry GJ, Hayat G, Cohen JA, Page JC, Bromberg MB, Schwartz SL; Magnetic Research Group.
Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA. miwneuro@pol.net
OBJECTIVE: To determine if constant wearing of multipolar, static magnetic (450G) shoe insoles can reduce neuropathic pain and quality of life (QOL) scores in symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).
DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-control, parallel study.
SETTING: Forty-eight centers in 27 states.
PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred seventy-five subjects with DPN stage II or III were randomly assigned to wear constantly magnetized insoles for 4 months; the placebo group wore similar, unmagnetized device.
INTERVENTION: Nerve conduction and/or quantified sensory testing were performed serially.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily visual analog scale scores for numbness or tingling and burning and QOL issues were tabulated over 4 months. Secondary measures included nerve conduction changes, role of placebo, and safety issues. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and chi-square analysis were performed.
RESULTS: There were statistically significant reductions during the third and fourth months in burning (mean change for magnet treatment, -12%; for sham, -3%; P<.05, ANCOVA), numbness and tingling (magnet, -10%; sham, +1%; P<.05, ANCOVA), and exercise-induced foot pain (magnet, -12%; sham, -4%; P<.05, ANCOVA). For a subset of patients with baseline severe pain, statistically significant reductions occurred from baseline through the fourth month in numbness and tingling (magnet, -32%; sham, -14%; P<.01, ANOVA) and foot pain (magnet, -41%; sham, -21%; P<.01, ANOVA).
CONCLUSIONS: Static magnetic fields can penetrate up to 20mm and appear to target the ectopic firing nociceptors in the epidermis and dermis. Analgesic benefits were achieved over time.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 May;84(5):736-46.
Use of laser- and extremely high frequency magnetic therapy in the preoperative period before diskectomy.
Miriotova NF, Levitskii EF, Stupak IN, Serebrennikov AN.
Electromagnetic therapy and tractions contributed to reduction of neurovascular structures compression evident not only from regression of clinical symptoms but also from improvement of regional hemodynamics, functional condition of the affected nerves and muscles of the limbs. This prediscectomy preparation appeared an effective conservative treatment for 69% patients. The rest patients benefited from such preoperative preparation which provided stabilization of the patients' condition before and after dyscectomy.
Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 2002 Mar-Apr;(2):22-5.
Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing.
Darendeliler, M., Darendeliler, A., & Sinclair, P.
The effect of static magnetic fields and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing in guinea pigs was investigated. The static magnetic fields were produced using neodymium magnets, and the magnetic field strengths that the guinea pigs were exposed to averaged about 500 gauss. The study concluded that "both static and pulsed electromagnetic fields seemed to accelerate the rate of bone repair when compared to the control group."
International Journal of Adult Orthodontic and Orthognathic Surgery, 1997;12, 43-53.
Strong static magnetic field stimulates bone formation to a definite orientation in vitro and in vivo.
Kotani H, Kawaguchi H, Shimoaka T, Iwasaka M, Ueno S, Ozawa H, Nakamura K, Hoshi K.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
The induction of bone formation to an intentional orientation is a potentially viable clinical treatment for bone disorders. Among the many chemical and physical factors, a static magnetic field (SMF) of tesla order can regulate the shapes of blood cells and matrix fibers. This study investigated the effects of a strong SMF (8 T) on bone formation in both in vivo and in vitro systems. After 60 h of exposure to the SMF, cultured mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were transformed to rodlike shapes and were orientated in the direction parallel to the magnetic field. Although this strong SMF exposure did not affect cell proliferation, it up-regulated cell differentiation and matrix synthesis as determined by ALP and alizarin red stainings, respectively. The SMF also stimulated ectopic bone formation in and around subcutaneously implanted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2-containing pellets in mice, in which the orientation of bone formation was parallel to the magnetic field. It is concluded that a strong SMF has the potency not only to stimulate bone formation, but also to regulate its orientation in both in vitro and in vivo models. This is the first study to show the regulation of the orientation of adherent cells by a magnetic field. We propose that the combination of a strong SMF and a potent osteogenic agent such as BMP possibly may lead to an effective treatment of bone fractures and defects.
J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Oct;17(10):1814-21.
Effects of static magnetic fields on bone formation in rat osteoblast cultures.
Yamamoto Y, Ohsaki Y, Goto T, Nakasima A, Iijima T.
Departments of Orthodontics.
Although the promotional effects on osteoblasts of pulsed electromagnetic fields have been well-demonstrated, the effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) remain unclear; nevertheless, magnets have been clinically used as a 'force source' in various orthodontic treatments. We undertook the present investigation to study the effects of SMF on osteoblastic differentiation, proliferation, and bone nodule formation using a rat calvaria cell culture. During a 20-day culture, the values of the total area and the number and average size of bone nodules showed high levels in the presence of SMF. In the matrix development and mineralization stages, the calcium content in the matrix and two markers of osteoblastic phenotype (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) also showed a significant increase. Accordingly, these findings suggest that SMF stimulates bone formation by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and/or activation.
J Dent Res. 2003 Dec;82(12):962-6
Electromagnetic acceleration of electron transfer reactions
Martin Blank *, Lily Soo
Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
email: Martin Blank (mb32@columbia.edu) *Correspondence to Martin Blank, Department of Physiology, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032.
The Moving Charge Interaction (MCI) model proposes that low frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields affect biochemical reactions through interaction with moving electrons. Thus, EM field activation of genes, and the synthesis of stress proteins, are initiated through EM field interaction with moving electrons in DNA. This idea is supported by studies showing that EM fields increase electron transfer rates in cytochrome oxidase. Also, in studies of the Na,K-ATPase reaction, estimates of the speed of the charges accelerated by EM fields suggest that they too are electrons. To demonstrate EM field effects on electron transfer in a simpler system, we have studied the classic oscillating Belousov-Zhabotinski (BZ) reaction. Under conditions where the BZ reaction oscillates at about 0.03 cycles/sec, a 60 Hz, 28 T (280 mG) field accelerates the overall reaction. As observed in earlier studies, an increase in temperature accelerates the reaction and decreases the effect of EM fields on electron transfer. In all three reactions studied, EM fields accelerate electron transfer, and appear to compete with the intrinsic chemical forces driving the reactions. The MCI model provides a reasonable explanation of these observations. J. Cell. Biochem. 80:278-283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Received: 12 June 2000; Accepted: 10 October 2000
Effects of static magnetic fields on plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone associated with arterial blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats
Hideyuki Okano 1 2 *, Chiyoji Ohkubo 1
1Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
2Department of Science, Pip Tokyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
email: Hideyuki Okano (okano@niph.go.jp) *Correspondence to Hideyuki Okano, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8638, Japan.
DC magnetic fields • spontaneous hypertension • antihypertensive effects • plasma
Effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on development of hypertension were investigated using young male, stroke resistant, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) beginning at 7 weeks of age. SHRs were randomly assigned to two different exposure groups or an unexposed group. The SHRs in the exposure groups were constantly exposed to two different types of external SMFs of 3.0-10.0 mT or 8.0-25.0 mT for 12 weeks. The SMFs were generated from permanent magnetic plates attached to the rat cage. The blood pressure (BP) of each rat was determined at weekly intervals using indirect tail-cuff method. The SMFs suppressed and retarded the development of hypertension in both exposed groups to a statistically significant extent for several weeks, as compared with an unexposed group. The antipressor effects were related to the extent of reduction in plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the SHRs. These results suggest that the SMFs of mT intensities with spatial gradients could be attributable to suppression of early BP elevation via hormonal regulatory system. Bioelectromagnetics 24:403-412, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Received: 2 January 2002; Accepted: 29 March 2003
Static and ELF magnetic fields induce tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis
Santi Tofani 1 *, Domenico Barone 2, Marcella Cintorino 3, Maria Margherita de Santi 3, Adriana Ferrara 1, Renzo Orlassino 1, Piero Ossola 1, Flavio Peroglio 2, Katia Rolfo 1, Flavio Ronchetto 1
1Ivrea Hospital ASL n. 9, Ivrea (TO), Italy
2LCG BIOSCIENCE - RBM, Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
3University of Siena, Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Siena, Italy
email: Santi Tofani (fisicasan@asl.ivrea.to.it) *Correspondence to Santi Tofani, Department of Medical Physics, Ivrea Hospital, Via Di Vittorio, 1, 10015 Ivrea (TO), Italy.
WiDr adenocarcinoma; MCF-7; nude mice; in vitro; subcutaneous Xenografts
The ability of static and extremely low frequency (ELF) Magnetic Fields (MF) to interfere with neoplastic cell function has been evaluated. In vitro experiments were carried out to study the role of MF characteristics (intensity, frequency, and modulation) on two transformed cell lines (WiDr human colon adenocarcinoma and MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma) and one nontransformed cell line (MRC-5 embryonal lung fibroblast). Increase in cell death morphologically consistent with apoptosis was reported exclusively in the two transformed cell lines. Cell-death induction was observed with MF of more than 1 mT. It was independent of the MF frequency and increased when modulated MF (static with a superimposition of ELF at 50 Hz) were used. Based on the in vitro results, four different MF exposure characteristics were selected and used to treat nude mice xenografted with WiDr cells. The treatment of nude mice bearing WiDr tumors subcutaneously. with daily exposure for 70 min to MF for 4 weeks caused significant tumor growth inhibition (up to 50%) by the end of the treatment when modulated MF were used for at least 60% of the whole treatment period and the time-averaged total MF intensity was higher than 3.59 mT. No toxic morphological changes induced by exposure were observed in renewing, slowly proliferating, or static normal cells. A discussion on the possible biophysical mechanism at the base of the observed biological results is also offered. Bioelectromagnetics 22:419-428, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Received: 3 February 1999; Revised: 7 June 2000
A proposed mechanism for the action of strong static magnetic fields on biomembranes.
Rosen AD.
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8121.
Experimental studies have demonstrated a temperature dependent effect by strong static magnetic fields on synaptic function. It is proposed that these findings may be explained by the diamagnetic properties of membrane phospholipids. The change in diamagnetic anisotropy coincidental with membrane thermotropic phase transition is responsible for the temperature dependence of this phenomenon and provides insight into the mechanism of action of these fields. At the prephase transition temperature highly diamagnetic anisotropic gel phase domains exist within a more fluid liquid-crystal phase. The partial magnetic reorientation of these domains results in membrane distortion and, thereby, functional impairment of contiguous ion specific channels. This mechanism adequately explains observations of the effects of static magnetic fields both on the central nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. It is suggested that the same mechanism may be operative in other biosystems.
Int J Neurosci. 1993 Nov;73(1-2):115-9.
Mechanism of action of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on biological systems.
Rosen AD.
Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. arosen@bilbo.bio.purdue.edu
There is substantial evidence indicating that moderate-intensity static magnetic fields (SMF) are capable of influencing a number of biological systems, particularly those whose function is closely linked to the properties of membrane channels. Most of the reported moderate SMF effects may be explained on the basis of alterations in membrane calcium ion flux. The mechanism suggested to explain these effects is based on the diamagnetic anisitropic properties of membrane phospholipids. It is proposed that reorientation of these molecules during moderate SMF exposure will result in the deformation of imbedded ion channels, thereby altering their activation kinetics. Channel inactivation would not be expected to be influenced by these fields because this mechanism is not located within the intramembraneous portion of the channel. Patch-clamp studies of calcium channels have provided support for this hypothesis, as well as demonstrating a temperature dependency that is understandable on the basis of the membrane thermotropic phase transition. Additional studies have demonstrated that sodium channels are similarly affected by SMFs, although to a lesser degree. These findings support the view that moderate SMF effects on biological membranes represent a general phenomenon, with some channels being more susceptible than others to membrane deformation.
Cell Biochem Biophys. 2003;39(2):163-73.
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BIOMAGNETIC HEALING COLLECTED INFORMATION BY GARY NULL (GENERAL OVERVIEW)
